I've found this website that has a huge amount of lists of gems,
one of them by color. (I'll definitely save it for later.)
From there I picked the best examples for generic colours:
Clear - Diamond, Clear Quartz
White - Pearl, Milk Quartz
Pink - Rhodonite, Rose Quartz
Red - Ruby, Garnet
Orange - Amber, Citrine, Carnelian
Yellow - Topaz, Gold, Amber, Pyrite
Green - Emerald, Jade, Peridot, Malachite
Blue - Sapphire, Opal, Aquamarine, Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise
Purple - Amethyst, Sugilite
Black - Onyx, Jet, Obsidian
I used the same list to compile this one, collecting the various fluid colors from the code and trying to associate gems with them:
Milk/Cum/Vanilla: White/Alabaster/Ivory
Pearl, Milk Quartz
Honey/Nectar: Amber/Yellow/Gold/Tawny
Amber, Gold, Topaz, Pyrite
Oil: Semi-transparent/Translucent Brown/Lucent
Citrine, Brown diamond
Milksap: Whitish-Yellow/Ivory Gold/Off-White
Gold Pearl, Yellow Diamon
Girl Cum: Translucent/Clear/Semi-transparent
Diamond, Clear Quartz
Cumsap: Off white/Pearl-Marbled Amber/Ivory-Amber
Pearl, Milk Quartz
Chocolate Milk: Chocolate/Creamy Brown, Chocolate/Dark, Chocolate
Citrine, Brown diamond
Strawberry Milk: Pink/Creamy Pink/Light, Pink
Rhodonite, Rose Quartz
Sydian Cum: Silvery/Metallic Silver/Silver
Silver, Platinum
Vanae Maiden Milk: Pink/Milky-Pink/Pink-marbled Cream
Rhodonite, Rose Quartz
Vanae Huntress Milk: Violet/Milky VioletViolet-marbled Cream
Amethyst, Sugilite
Leithan Milk: Alabaster/Semi-Transparent/Off-white
Pearl
And a few not yet in game that might come in the future:
Goblin Cum: Green - Emerald, Peridot, Malachite
Fanfir Cum: Orange - Citrine, Carnellian, Amber